LUCREZIA BORGIA

Gaetano Donizetti (1797 - 1848)
Opera in two acts in Italian
Libretto: Felice Romani after Victor Hugo
Premièr at Teatro alla Scala, Milan – 26 December 1833
29 January - 02, 06 February 1966
Teatro San Carlo, Napoli

Conductor: Carlo Franci
Chorus master: Michele Lauro
Stage director: Margherita Wallmann
Scene and costumes: Orlando di Collalto

Alfonso d’Este Duke of Ferrara MARIO PETRI baritone
Lucrezia Borgia LEYLA GENCER soprano [Role debut]
Maffio Orsini ANNA MARIA ROTA contralto
Gennaro young nobleman in the service of Venetian Republic GIACOMO ARAGALL tenor
Liverotto young nobleman in the service of Venetian Republic GIUSEPPE MORETTI tenor
Vitellozzo young nobleman in the service of Venetian Republic MARIO GUGGIA bass
Gazella ALFREDO COLELLA bass
Rustighello FRANCO RICCIARDI tenor
Gubetta AUGUSTO FRATI bass
Astolfo EMILIO SALVOLDI bass
Petrucci SALVATORE CATANIA bass

Time: Early Sixteenth Century
Place: Venice and Ferrara

Recording date 

Photos © FOTO TRONCONE, Napoli








UNKNOWN NEWSPAPER [Alberto Ruffo Archive]                                                  
1966 January

CORRIERE DELLA SERA                                                  
1966.01.30

LA STAMPA                                                 
1966.01.30

OPERA MAGAZINE
1967 August

KOBBE'S COMPLETE OPERA BOOK 
1976

BELCANTO OPERAS BY CHARLES OSBORNE
1994
 

Lucrezia Borgia

opera seria in a prologue and two acts

Principal characters:

Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara (soprano)

Maffio Orsini, a young nobleman (mezzo-soprano)
Gennaro, a young soldier (tenor)
Don Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara (bass)

LIBRETTO by Felice Romani

TIME: The early-sixteenth century PLACE: Venice and Ferrara
FIRST PERFORMED at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, 26 December 1833, with Henriette Méric-Lalande (Lucrezia); Marietta Brambilla (Maffio Orsini); Francesco Pedrazzi (Gennaro); Luciano Mariani (Alfonso)
 

After the third performance of Torquato Tasse, Donizetti left Rome for Milan where II Furiose all'isola di San Domingo was to be staged at La Scala. The first performance there on 1 October 1833 of this opera which Roman audiences had received warmly at its première at the beginning of the year was a huge success, and a further thirty-five performances were given at La Scala during the season. In October its composer signed a contract to write two new operas for La Scala, the first of which he was to embark upon almost immediately.
Felice Romani had been at work for at least several weeks on a libretto based on Victor Hugo's play, Lucrèce Borgia (first staged in Paris earlier in the year) but had put it aside to work on a text about the ancient Greek poetess Sappho for an opera by Mercadante. When La Scala's prima donna, Henriette Méric-Lalande, announced her disapproval of Sappho as a subject, the impresario of La Scala, Duke Carlo Visconti, turned to Donizetti, who agreed to compose two operas, the first of which would be Lucrezia Borgia, its libretto by Felice Romani. Somewhat confused by the train of events, Romani wrote to Visconti asking, in effect, what he was supposed to be writing and for whom. Given the assurances he required, Romani completed his Lucrezia Borgia libretto by the end of November, and Donizetti, composing at his usual manic pace, finished the opera in time for it to be rehearsed and to open at La Scala on 26 December 1833.
Though its critical reception was mixed - the Gazzetta privilegiata di Milano summed up the new score as 'little better than mediocre"- Lucrezia Borgia proved popular with audiences, was performed at La Scala thirty-three times during the season and was soon being produced throughout Italy and abroad. When the opera was staged in Paris in 1840, Victor Hugo, author of the play on which Romani's libretto had been based, objected not to the performance of the opera itself but to the French translation which he considered plagiarised his play. He won his suit against the translator and his publisher, as a result of which the opera was subsequently performed in France with changes to its plot and characters. In Versailles in 1842 it was Nizza de Grenade, and when it returned to Paris in 1845 it was as La Rinnegata. To appease various Italian censorship authorities, the opera was called Eustorgia da Romano in Florence, Alfonso, Duca di Ferrara in Trieste, Giovanna I di Napoli in Ferrara, and Elisa da Fosce in Rome.
The first performance of Lacrezia Borgia in London was given at Her Majesty's Theatre on 6 June 1839. Its first American performance took place in New Orleans on 11 May 1843, and on 25 November 1844 the opera reached New York. Its fame was such that it was staged not only in the usual European and American operatic centres but also further afield in, for example, Christiana, Sydney, Bogotá, Tiflis and Cape Town. Though performances in the first half of the twentieth century were rare outside Italy. Lucrezia Borgia has never completely disappeared from the reper toire. Famous interpreters of the title-role in recent years have included Montserrat Caballé (concert performances in London and New York, stage productions in Marseilles, Philadelphia, Milan and Barcelona), Leyla Gencer (in Naples, Rome, Bergamo, Dallas and Florence), Beverly Sills (in New York), Katia Ricciarelli (in Florence), and Joan Sutherland (in Vancouver, Houston, and in 1980 in London where Lucrezia Borgia had not been staged since 1888).
The action of the opera takes place in Venice and Ferrara in the early sixteenth century. The interest shown by Lucrezia Borgia in a youth named Gennaro is misunderstood by her husband, Duke Alfonso, who suspects that she is having an affair with him. Actually, Gennaro is Lucrezia's son whose identity is known only to her. When Gennaro is arrested on Alfonso's orders for having insulted the Borgia family, Lucrezia arranges his escape. Later, at a banquet, Lucrezia poisons a number of her enemies, and is shocked when she finds that Gennaro was among them. He refuses the antidote she offers him, because the amount is insufficient to save the lives of his companions as well, and is horrified when she confesses, she is his mother. Gennaro dies, and Lucrezia, distraught, also collapses and dies.

Stage and backstage shots by RAI3

from 01.14'                    

COMPLETE RECORDING
1966.01.29

Recording Excerpts [1966.01.29]               

Bella Venezia Prologue Scene I
Nella fatal di Rimini Prologue Scene I
Tranquillo ei posa Prologue Scene II
Com'è bello! Prologue Scene III
Mentre geme il cor sommesso Prologue Scene III
Ciel! Prologue Scene III
Di pescatore ignobile Prologue Scene III
Gente appressa Prologue Scene III
Nel veneto corteggio Act I Scene I
Addio, Gennaro Act I Scene II
Qui che fai? Act I Scene III
Tutto eseguisti? Act I Scene IV
Soli, noi siamo Act I Scene VI
Oh! A te bada Act I Scene VI
Trafitto tosto ei sia Act I Scene VI
Guai se ti sfugge un moto Act I Scene VII
Rischiarata è la finestra Act II Scene I
Onde a lei ti mostri grato Act II Scene II
Viva il Madera! Act II Scene IV
Il segreto per esser felici Act II Scene V
La gioia de' profani Act II Scene V
Tu pur qui? Act II Scene VII
M'odi, ah! m'odi Act II Scene VII
Maffio muore Act II Scene VII

FROM LP BOOKLET

LUCREZIA BORGIA 
NAPOLI

FROM CD BOOKLET

LUCREZIA BORGIA 
NAPOLI

Perhaps Gianni Arangi Lombardi was the secret link between Lucrezia Borgia and Leyla Gencer. The aria in the prologue was a piece that Turkish pupil had worked on in detail with great Italian singer who was teaching at the Theatre Ankara. It is interesting to compare the two different interpretations of the character; to observe the technicalities and the “secrets” passed on by the Italian School and Gencer’s application of the points learned.
Lucrezia Borgia was Gencer’s fifth role in a Donizetti opera. After the glamorous success of Roberto Devereux in 1964 at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples, in a revival of Donizetti’s operas, Lucrezia was performed again in Naples for 1965-66 season. How does Leyla Gencer apply herself to this role? Rather than adhering to the successful and traditional form she looks for the key of the new opera, rediscovering and probing into the character.
Margherita Wallman, the director, emphasizes the concept of the beautiful woman deeply immersed in mysterious happenings, while Attilio Colonnello, the scenographer, evokes fascination of the scenes and the atmospheres and Carlo Franci, the conductor, maintains the lyric phrasing and structures within the conventional operatic forms. Gencer spends months studying the historically contradictory accounts (reading the monographs of Maria Belloci an L.B. Piccoli) which on the one hand accuse Lucrezia Borgia of the most wicked and cruel crimes and on the other hand they present her as a culture and refined person, victim of her era, and Leyla Gencer concludes that the fascination of Donizetti’s character lies in her ambiguity, Lucrezia is most “voluptuous” of Donizetti’s characters that Leyla Gencer has performed; well timbered, initially attractive and with refined coloratura. Right from her first entrance when she arrives, masked, in the gondola.
Leyla Gencer looks for a lyrical and sumptuous sound in the mezz’aria, legato and fascinating. The cavatina (Com’è bello! Quale incanto!) begins and is a superb example of melodic singing, coloratura and accentuation. She indulges the emotions (pure il ciglio lagrimoso / terger debbo …. un solo istante), followed by the counterpoint of the two-people spying, and returning again, more voluptuous and varied, in a tone of voice that wavers between love and affection: “The second-time round Donizetti wants ornamentation, and the variations of virtuous lightness must be “spoken” pronouncing each word with great feeling” – comments Leyla Gencer. With tristi notti e veglie amare Leyla Gencer presents the character as a distressed and anguishes mother and, amongst the characters in this scene, whether spying, deceiving or accusing, we, the public, know that her “love” song is innocent. There is no cabaletta but there followsa duet with the tenor which requires mixed recitative – quick and flexible – and for the time being, Gennaro’s impulsive attraction towards Lucrezia adds to the suspense. The stretta at the end of the prologue is dramatically theatrical: Lucrezia’s mask torn from her face by the group of youths and in a dramatic concerted number they remind her how each has lost a brother or relative through her.
When the accusations begin Lucrezia has a la, a held note, which, strangely, is written as “piano”; “Infact, as it’s a high note it can produce a great effect, and I took the liberty of lengthening it”, admits Gencer, who has extremally long breaths. The beginning of Act I shows another side pf Lucrezia’s character – grim, sullen and menacing – Cosi turbata? A voi mi trae vendetta – She is now portrayed as a great lady used to playing power games, and the tone of the voice has changed in order to present this new side to her character. Donizetti now introduce a “game”, rather more a trick or game of subterfuge, of jealous irony that will be taken up later in Don Carlo and even Otello. Lucrezia wants the perpetrator of the outrage put to death but when she discovers that her son is that person she begs for him to be absolved. The Duke, however, refuses and Lucrezia turns him menacingly (Ah! A te baa, a te stesso pon mente / Don Alfonso mio quarto marito!) (this infact her third husband points out Gencer). The Duke’s comment is a command that Gennaro shal meet death by drinking a goblet of her poisoned wine. The “Andante” begins the strong trio between Gencer/Lucrezia, full of contrition, Petri/Duke, fearful and Arragall/Gennaro, trusting, followed by the “Larghetto” (Guai se ti sfugge un motto); to which Lucrezia reacts with self-restraint and diplomacy. Gencer acts the part with refined imperturbability, but her emotions are displayed when she furtively covered her face with her hand. The Duke exits (Or Duchessa, a vostr’agio potete) whereby Gencer concludes the act, with a fast tempo and the unexpected (Infelice, il veleno bevesti). In the second and final act Leyla Gencer reveals her keen perception of the role an ease with which she interprets nineteenth opera. Here we are shown another side of Lucrezia’s character and voice, as the Pope’s daughter in a recitative sung with a sinister and dark voice, reciting an almost Machiavellian type speech. Followed by a complete change, like a metamorphosis, Lucrezia suddenly becomes the anguished mother as she sees her son Gennaro among her victims, her poisoned guests as the banquet.
The situation verges on the comical (Sei di nuovo avvelento) but Gencer overcomes this impasse with noble superiority and gives way to the duet: not hurried to begin with as it is to develop into a “crescendo”, full of tension (Tu pur qui / Non sei fuggito?) and then slows down in the middle of legato without breaking off, aware of the rhythmical prose of the dialogue (Ah! Per te fia poco ancora / Ah! Non basta, non basta per gli amici!). Impetuously the recitative discloses the tremendous revelation (Ah, un Borgia sei), Lucrezia’s voice hardens as she pronounces his past (Fur tuoi padri I padre miei) and concludes with (Ah, di piu non domandar) blended with violoncello’s and double basses in a slowly descending passage. After these revelations of an almost sacrilegious nature the tension decreases and the sounds become lyrical (M’odi, ah m’odi / io non t’imploro) and a moment of almost sensual indulgence in the looseness of the (Mille volte, al giorno io moro / mille volte, mille volte in cor ferita). The voice pauses, imploring and insinuating on the soft modulation and the acciaccatura (Per te prego, ah! Teco almeno) and languishing on the sigh (ah! Non voleré), insistent and imploringly.
The second finale – a short aria sung by the dying tenor – is performed at the performance in Naples: Donizetti had not wished to keep the final cabaletta (composed specially to please Ms. Lalande, first Lucrezia) as during that period the cabaletta is substituted by other structures and forms, experimenting alternatives to it although eventually the composer will accept, although it is sung only once. 

FROM LP BOOKLET

LUCREZIA BORGIA 
NAPOLI

Lucrezia Borgia, melodramma (serio) in 1 Prologo e 2 atti, rappresentato al Teatro alla Scala il 26 dicembre 1833, è il primo vero successo di una prima esecuzione di Gaetano Donizetti nel gran Teatro milanese. Finora Milano lo aveva acclamato al Teatro Carcano (Anna Bolena, 1830), alla Canobbiana (L'Elisir d'amore, 1832), ma la vera consacrazione di compositore scaligero arriva con Lucrezia Borgia. Il libretto è di Felice Romani, il più "classico" e avveduto poeta di teatro d'opera del primo Ottocento. La scelta del soggetto è audace: si innesta a filo diretto sul più dirompente teatro romantico francese, Lucrèce Borgia, dramma in 3 atti di Victor Hugo, andata in scena a Parigi, Théâtre de la Porte St Martin il 2 febbraio 1833 con successo clamoroso. Il dramma storico a colpi di scena viene trasformato in libretto con rapidità fulminea, quindi in opera, e pochi mesi dopo il personaggio di Lucrezia apre la nuova stagione della Scala. Victor Hugo era stato attratto dal tenebroso soggetto storico: la machiavellica vicenda di Lucrezia, figlia di Rodrigo Borgia futuro Papa Alessandro VI, resa madre da uno dei propri fratelli fra la gelosia dell'altro, che era il temibile "Valentino", bellissima e impassibile tra veleni e pugnali, maritata tre volte con alleanze politiche, l'ultima col Duca di Ferrara. Amante dei contrasti, Hugo si propone di purificare "la deformità morale" di Lucrezia attraverso l'affetto materno. Il soggetto colpisce al cuore Donizetti: primadonna protagonista (soprano) da sublimare tra contrasti, un figlio (tenore) da riconoscere e proteggere, senza svelarsi, tra le insidie di corte, un Duca (basso) che sospetta nel giovane sconosciuto un rivale e lo perseguita, il consueto giovane contralto in travesti ad accrescere l'ambiguità. Attorno la corte, tra apparenze d'eleganza festosa, gioco diplomatico dei potenti e insidie in agguato: un mondo che Donizetti ama scrutare, e traduce in quest'opera in un circolante tono grottesco, quasi un colore sinistro brillante. La teatralità proposta da Hugo diventa ancor più serrata, il chiaroscuro di festa e delitti si fa struggente nella musica, anticipa una cifra che precorre Un Ballo in maschera fin dal Prologo nella notte veneziana, fra maschere e danze, apparizione della bella misteriosa, piccolo concertato dei giovani che l'attorniano e accusano dei più truci delitti, in una specie di allucinata ballata. Scritta per Enrichetta Meric Lalande (Lucrezia), Marietta Brambilla (Maffio Orsini), Francesco Pedrazzi (Gennaro) e Luciano Mariani (Don Alfonso), l'opera resta legata alla presenza di grandi cantanti per tutto l'Ottocento, e riesce a sopravvivere nel Novecento legata a poderose voci quali Ester Mazzoleni, Giannina Arangi Lombardi, o (negli anni '50) a Caterina Mancini. Forse proprio Giannina Arangi Lombardi è il filo conduttore segreto tra Lucrezia Borgia e Leyla Gencer poiché l'aria del Prologo è una di quella che la giovane cantante turca lavorò profondamente con la grande cantante italiana che insegnava al Teatro di Ankara. (Interessante il confronto fra le due interpretazioni, per osservare l'impianto tecnico e i segreti di scuola italiana che la maestra trasmette all'allieva, e la diversa reattività e trepidazione della Gencer). Non per richiamo interno arriva Lucrezia come quinto titolo della Gencer donizettiana, ma programmata dal Teatro San Carlo di Napoli per la stagione 1965-66, sull'onda della Donizetti - Renaissance e della vigorosa interprete che la guida di diritto, dopo il clamoroso successo di Roberto Devereux l'anno prima nello stesso Teatro napoletano. Per Lucrezia Borgia non si tratta di prima rappresentazione del nostro secolo d'un'opera dimenticata. E nemmeno del revival belcantistico, poiché - per ragioni di programmazione - la prima Lucrezia del rinato belcanto novecentesco fu cantata da Monserrat Caballé il 20 aprile 1965 alla Carnegie Hall di New York, per iniziativa di Allen Sven Oxemburg. Questa, che Leyla Gencer cantò pochi mesi dopo, il 29 gennaio 1966, può considerarsi la riscoperta drammaturgica del personaggio. Come si comporta Leyla Gencer interprete donizettiana in questa sua nuova tappa? Non s'appoggia a un modulo fortunato di rilettura (quale potrebbe essere l'opera "inglese" di Anna Bolena o la diversa scansione tragica di Elisabetta nel Devereux); cerca la chiaveart della nuova opera, scopre il personaggio. L'operazione in atto al Teatro San Carlo è chiarificante, non stimolante. La regista Margherita Wallmann punta sulla bella donna infelice immersa in tenebrose vicende; lo scenografo Attilio Colonnello raduna il fascino ambientale in luoghi deputati dell'opera; il direttore Carlo Franci dà lettura sbalzata dei moduli, del fraseggio lirico, ma li rapporta a una convenzione operistica: la novità d'un colore "sinistro brillante" non monta. L'interprete cerca di lavorare il suo personaggio. Da mesi sfoglia ricostruzioni storiche contraddittorie, (le monografie di M. Bellonci; L.B. Piccoli) che accusano Lucrezia Borgia dei delitti più nefandi o la riabilitano come personaggio colto,
raffinato, vittima dell'ambizione del suo tempo. Scopre che il fascino del personaggio di Donizetti sta nella sua ambiguità: liricamente materna, duchessa altera, vendicativa figlia di Papa Alessandro VI,e la evidenzia intensificando il passaggio tra momenti diversi e sinceri. L'aiuta la disponibilità della compagnia: il colore elegiaco e lo slancio del tenore Giacomo Aragall, la violenza tenebrosa del Basso Mario Petri, la foga non proprio belcantistica di Anna Maria Rota. Lucrezia è il più voluttuoso dei personaggi donizettiani di Leyla Gencer: legata al timbro, al colore inizialmente estatico e suadente, al raffinato lavoro di coloratura della prima apparizione. Fin dalla prima entrata furtiva con gondola e maschera Leyla cerca un suono lirico e sontuoso a mezz'aria: È tutto legato, bisogna rispettare molto la figurazione, e vien fuori questo lirismo elegante, pieno di fascino, chiarisce l'interprete. Parte la cavatinano (Com'è bello! quale incanto) in accordo om esemplare di melodia, coloratura e accento. Indugia la commozione - appena percettibile - sul gesto nobile e di intensità pittorica (pure il ciglio lagrimoso/terger debbo... un solo istante), pretesto al contrappunto dei due che spiano, e alla ripresa, più voluttuosa e variata, in tono ancora incerto fra innamorato e cullante: Donizetti, la seconda volta, vuole - e scrive - l'ornamentazione, e le variazioni di leggerezza virtuosa, vanno "dette" vide caricando d'espressione le parole diverse. Dalla vocalizzazione lieve al tuffo accorato (in legato) in Tristi notte e veglie amare: all'aristocratica dama misteriosa e amorosamente contemplante l'interprete sovrimpone la madre angosciata. Fra tanti che in scena spiano, fraintendono, Donizetti inventa un gioco di grottesco aristocratico che procede schermandosi dietro formule, e improvvisamente s'avventa. È il gioco del raggiro, dell'ironia gelosa che anticipa Don Carlo o addirittura Otello, Lucrezia si presenta altera a rivendicare l'affronto subito,diventa insinuante appena scopre che proprio il figlio ne è colpevole; supplica per amore materno; offesa si ribella, sconvolge gli equilibri, s'avventa con violenza minacciosa e drammatica: Ah! a te bada, a te stesso pon mente/ Don Alfonso mio quarto marito! (terzo corregge Leyla che ha verificato la storicità dei dati). L"Allegro mosso" parte staccato, in situazione scenica rilevata (dalla perorazione supplichevole in ginocchio all'attacco sorgendo) e teatralmente caricata (dalla pietà rifiutata alla scelta, imposta, tra veleno o spada); il canto di forza, spinto dagli accenti, crea un ritmo agitato. L'"Andante" introduce una finta
apertura cavalleresca, e stringe i tre toms personaggi in rapporto avvolgente: tenebroso (Mario Petri/Duca), fiducioso (Giacomo Aragall/Gennaro dal fascinorw lirico) e di costrizione esasperata (Lucrezia). II "Larghetto" li immobilizza in reazioni congelate dal gioco di non scoprirsi: spietato il Duca propone il tema (Guai se ti sfugge un motto), la Duchessa lo filtra con eleganza, palleggiando risposte con arte diplomatica. Leyla Gencer recita con raffinata
imperturbabilità, ma il labbro è drammatico, e sul gesto furtivo della mano aperta portata al volto, confida l'interno pathos, in esclamazioni abbandonate e subito trattenute in caratteristiche "frenate" di voce (II barbaro). Uscito il Duca, con tipica clausola d'ironia vittoriosa (Or Duchessa, a vostr'agio potete...) Leyla Gencer brucia sulle parole a fior di labbra angoscia e colpo di scena: Infelice, il veleno bevesti. Si lancia avanti sul tempo precipitoso e travolge finale d'atto e azione. Leyla Gencer sente come momento importante l'apparizione di Lucrezia all'ultimo atto. E un colpo di teatro victorhughiano che Donizetti traduce in musica, e che produsse allora gran sensazione: rintocchi e canti funebri improvvisi, smarrimento degli invitati - avvelenati - che cominciano a sentirsi male, apparizione terribile di Lucrezia, ammantata di nero come la vendetta. I mezzi musicali sono elementari, quasi ingenui: si sospende la musica e Lucrezia si dichiara, in recitativo. A questo declamato lineare Leyla Gencer dà il peso definitivo e tagliente d'un discorso machiavellico, voce arrotondata e incupita in sinistri bagliori. è la figlia del Papa, terzo aspetto di questa vocalità. Nella fierezza non la sfiora il dubbio della situazione paradossale, al limite del comico (Sei di nuovo avvelenato), e valica l'impasse con superiorità tragica. La poetica dell'ansia drammatizzata avvia il duetto: non affrettato, poiché destinato a un "crescendo" (scritto) di tensione, ma serrato negli interventi dei due che confluiscono uno sull'altro, spesso all'interno della stessa battuta, al modo di certe sticomitie alfieriane. All'attacco Leyla Gencer anticipa non sul tempo, ma sui colori dell'affanno: Tu pur qui?/ Non sei fuggito?... Poi frena, all'interno del legato senza spezzarlo, riconoscendo il ritmo dialogico prosastico (Ah! per te fia poco ancora/ah! non basta, ah non basta per gli amici). Il canto assapora la voluttà del recitare tragico; il colore trasforma il declamato in canto, senza soluzione di continuità: precipitosa e tremenda arriva la rivelazione: Ah! un Borgia sei, poi la voce di Lucrezia si impietrisce e incupisce in quel destino di atavica maledizione: Fur tuoi padri i padri miei, prolungata in suono di tenebrosa minaccia. Sta tentando le corde dell'indicibile melodrammatico col colore e l'accento, senza soprusi al canto romantico: una breve frase lentamente discendente, equivalente alle vibrazioni scure di violoncelli e contrabbassi in orchestra: Ah! di più non domandar. Da questa zona di divieto sacrilego si libera l'aria. Nasce lirica sulle parole (M'odi, ah, m'odi.../ io non t'imploro), tormentata nelle modulazioni (per voler serbarmi in vita), un attimo di indugio quasi sensuale nella liquidità molle delle elle, quasi fossero volute di sofferenza, compiacimento involontario del musicista romantico sulla bella donna che soffre (Mille volte, al giorno io moro,/ mille volte, mille volte in cor ferita). La voce sosta implorante-insinuante sulla modulazione morbida e sull'acciaccatura, fra rubato appena percettibile (Per te prego... ah! teco almeno), e lieve languore dell'arabesco sul sospiro (ah!... non volere...), mentre l'implorazione si fa pressante e scale discendenti precipitano con necessità di destino. A Napoli si esegue il secondo finale (breve aria del tenore morente); era rispettata la volontà di Donizetti che non voleva più la cabaletta finale del soprano scritta per accontentare la Lalande, poiché a quel punto della sua evoluzione la convenzione cabalettistica è travolta dalla ricerca di altre coerenze drammaturgiche; anche se in seguito finirà per accettare la pratica esecutiva della cabaletta, ma cantata una sola volta.
 
Gaetano Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia, opera in a prologue and two acts was premièred at the Teatro alla Scala on the 26th of December 1833 and met with great success. Until then Milan had applauded his Anna Bolena in 1830 at the Teatro Carcano, L'Elisir D'Amore in 1832 at the Canobbiana, but his real crowning as a composer at the Scala came with Lucrezia Borgia. The libretto was written by Felice Romani, one of the most "classic" and skilled librettists of the beginning of the nineteenth century. The choice of subject was certainly rather bold as it had been taken directly from Victor Hugo's very successful play in three acts 'Lucrèce Borgia' which had had its first performance in Paris at the Théâtre de la Porte St. Martin on the 2nd of February 1833. With remarkable speed Felice Romani had written the libretto, and the opera was ready to open the new season at the Scala just a few months later. Victor Hugo had been attracted to this dark, mysterious and beautiful figure in history and the rather Machiavellian events that marked her life. Lucrezia was Rodrigo Borgia's daughter, the future Pope Alexander VI. She married three times, her last husband being the Duke of Ferrara. She had borne an illegitimate son by one of her brothers which incited the jealousy of her other brother, the fearful "Valentino", and she was impassive amongst poisons and daggers. Hugo intended to purify Lucrezia's 'moral deformity' through maternal love and affection. The plot interested Donizetti immensely: the title role or Prima donna as soprano, her son (tenor) whom she protects without initially revealing her identity a Duke (bass) who suspects the young man to be his rival, and a contralto who contributes to the tension and suspense; these characters circulate in an elegant court setting, in an atmosphere of deception and mortal traps lurking forever in the background.
Donizetti transformed Hugo's theatrical piece into an opera full of contrasts, with a chiaroscuro of parties and murders that is intensified by the music, foreseeing a scene from Un Ballo in Maschera in the prologue which opens with the masked ball in Venice, the appearance of the mysterious beauty and the dramatic concerted number sung by youths who accuse Lucrezia of the crimes she had committed. The opera was written for Enrichetta Meric Lalande (Lucrezia), g Marietta Brambilla (Maffio Orsini), Francesco Pedrazzi (Gennaro) and Luciano Mariani (Don Alfonso) and continued to be performed by other great singers throughout the nineteenth century. Ester Mazzoleni, Giannina Arangi Lombardi and in the 1950's Caterina Mancini ensured the successful performances of Lucrezia Borgia during the twentieth century. Perhaps Giannina Arangi Lombardi was the secret link between Lucrezia Borgiab and Leyla Gencer. The aria in the prologue was a piece that the young Turkish pupil had worked on in detail with the great Italian singer who was teaching at the Theatre of Ankara. It is interesting to compare the two different interpretations of the character; to observe the technicalities and the "secrets" passed on by the Italian School and Ms. Gencer's application of the points learned. Lucrezia was Ms. Gencer's fifth role in a Donizetti opera. After the clamorous success of Roberto Devereux in 1964 at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples, in a revival of Donizetti's operas, Lucrezia Borgia was performed again in Naples for the 1965-66 season. It had, however, been previously presented in April 1965 when Montserrat Caballè had performed Lucrezia at Carnegie Hall in New York. How does Leyla Gencer apply herself to this role? Rather than adhering to the successful and traditional form she looks for the key to the new opera, rediscovering and probing into the character. Margherita Wallman, the director, emphasizes the concept of the beautiful woman deeply immersed in mysterious happenings, while Attilio Colonnello, the scenographer, evokes fascination of the scenes and atmospheres and Carlo Franci, the conductor, maintains the lyric phrasing and structures within the conventional operatic forms. Ms. Gencer spends months studying the historically contradictory accounts (reading the monographs of Maria Bellonci and L.B. Piccoli) which on the one hand accuse Lucrezia Borgia of the most wicked and cruel crimes and on the other hand they present her as a culture and refined person, victim of her era, and Leyla Gencer concludes that the fascination of Donizetti's character lies in her ambiguity. Lucrezia is the most 'voluptuous' of Donizetti's characters that Leyla Gencer has performed; well timbred, initially attractive and with refined coloratura. Right from her first entrance when she arrives, masked, in the gondola, Leyla Genger looks for a lyrical and sumptuous sound in the mezz'aria, legato and fascinating. The cavatina (Com'è bello! quale incanto!) begins and is a superb example of melodic singing, coloratura and accentuation. She indulges her emotions (pure il ciglio lagrimoso/terger debbo... un solo istante), followed by the counterpoint of the two people spying, and returning again, more voluptuous and varied, in a tone of voice that wavers between love and affection: "The second time round Donizetti wants ornamentation, and the variations of virtuous lightness must be "spoken", pronouncing each word with great feeling" - comments Ms. Gencer. With Tristi notti e veglie amare Leyla Gencer presents the character as a distressed and anguished mother and, amongst all the characters in this scene, whether spying, deceiving or accusing, we, the public, know that her "love" song is innocent. There is no cabaletta but there follows a duet with the tenor which requires mixed recitative - quick and flexible and for the time being, Gennaro's impulsive attraction towards Lucrezia adds to the suspense. The stretta at the end of the prologue is dramatically theatrical: Lucrezia's mask is torn from her face by the group of youths and in a dramatic concerted number they remind her how each has lost a brother or relative through her. When the accusations begin Lucrezia has a la, a held note, which, strangely, is written as "piano"; "Infact, as it's a high note it can produce a great effect, and I took the liberty of lengthening it", admits Ms. Gencer, who has extremely long breaths. The beginning of Act I shows another side of Lucrezia's character - grim, sullen and menacing - Cosi turbata? A voi mi trae vendetta -. She is now portrayed as a great lady used to playing power games, and the tone of the voice has changed in order to present this new side to her character. Donizetti now introduces a "game", rather more a trick or game of subterfuge, of jealous irony that will be taken up later in Don Carlo and even Othello. Lucrezia wants the perpetrator of the outrage put to death but when she discovers that her son is that person, she begs for him to be absolved. The duke, however, refuses and Lucrezia turns on him menacingly (Ah! a te bada, a te stesso pon mente/ Don Alfonso mio quarto marito!) (this infact was her third husband points out Ms Gencer). The duke’s comment is the command that Gennaro shall meet death by drinking a goblet of her poisoned wine. The Andante" begins the strong trio for Leyla Gencer/Lucrezia, full of contrition, Mario Petri/Duke, fearful and Giacomo Aragall/Gennaro, trusting, followed by the "Larghetto" (Guai se ti sfugge un motto); to which Lucrezia reacts with self-restraint and diplomacy. Ms. Gencer acts the part with refined imperturbability, but her emotions are displayed when she furtively covers her face with her hand. The duke exits (Or Duchessa, a vostr'agio potete) whereby Ms. Gencer concludes the act, with a fast tempo and the unexpected (Infelice, il veleno bevesti). In the second and final act Leyla Gencer reveals her keen perception of the role and the ease with which she interprets nineteenth opera. Here we are shown another side to Lucrezia's character and voice, as the Pope's daughter in a recitative sung with a sinister and dark voice, reciting an almost Machiavellian type of speech. Followed by a complete change, like a metamorphosis, Lucrezia suddenly becomes the anguished mother as she sees her son Gennaro among her victims, her poisoned guests at the banquet. The situation verges on the comical (Sei di nuovo avvelenato) but Ms. Gencer overcomes this impasse with noble superiority, and gives way to the duet: not hurried to begin with as it is to develop into a "crescendo", full of tension (Tu pur qui/Non sei fuggito?) and then slows down in the middle of the legato without breaking off, aware of the rythmical prose of the dialogue (Ah! per te fia poco ancora/ah! non basta, non basta per gli amici).Impetuously the recitative discloses the tremendous revelation (Ah, un Borgia sei), Lucrezia's voice hardens as she pronounces his past (Fur tuoi padri i padri mie) and concludes with (Ah, di più non domandar) blended with the violoncello's and double basses in a slowly descending passage. After these revelations of an almost sacrilegious nature the tension decreases and the sounds become lyrical (M'odi, ah, m'odi/io non t'imploro) and a moment of almost sensual indulgence in the looseness of the el (Mille volte, al giorno io moro/mille volte mille volte in cor ferita). The voice pauses, imploring and insinuating on the soft modulation and the acciaccatura (Per te prego, ah! teco almeno) and languishing on the sigh (ah! non volere), insistent and imploringly. The second finale - a short aria sung by the dying tenor is performed at the performance in Naples: Donizetti had not wished to keep the final cabaletta (composed especially to please Ms. Lalande) as during that period the cabaletta is substituted by other structures and forms, experimenting alternatives to it although eventually the composer will accept, although it is sung only once.