Showing posts with label Cillario. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Cillario. Show all posts

WERTHER

Jules Massenet (1842 - 1912)
Opera in four acts in French [Sung in Italian]
Libretto: Edouard Blau, Paul Milliet, Georges Hartmann after Goethe’s novel
Premièr at Staatsoper, Vienna – 16 February 1892
12, 14, 16, 20 January 1959 
Teatro Verdi, Trieste

Conductor: Carlo Felice Cillario
Chorus master: n/a
Stage director: Carlo Piccinato
Scene and costumes: Umberto Zimelli

Werther a poet FERRUCIO TAGLIAVINI tenor
Albert a young man MARIO BORRIELLO baritone
The Magistrate VITO SUSCA bass
Schmidt friend of the Magistrate RAIMONDO BOTTEGHELLI tenor
Johann friend of the Magistrate ENO MOCCHIUTTI baritone
Charlotte the Magistrate’s daughter LEYLA GENCER soprano
Sophie her sister GIULIANNA TAVOLACCINI soprano

Time: about 1780
Place: Frankfurt

Recording date

Photos © FOTO DE ROTA, Trieste





IL PICCOLO                                         
1958.10.16

IL PICCOLO                                         
1958.12.02

IL PICCOLO                                         
1958.12.09

OPERA NEWS                                             
1958.12.29

OPERA MAGAZINE                                           
1959 February

RADIOCORRIERE.TV                                                
1959 November 29 - December 04

RADIOCORRIERE.TV                                                
1959 December 06 - 12 

RADIOCORRIERE.TV                                                
1967 July 30 - August 04 

IL PICCOLO                                         
1991.02.28

COMPLETE RECORDING                  

1959.01.20

Recording Excerpts [1959.01.20]

Ma no, ma non va! At I Scene I
Natal! Oggi Cristo e nato Act I
Oh come canto ben Act I Scene II
Allor sta proprio qua Act I
Oh immagine ideal Act I
Ella m'ama Act I
Claire de lune Act I
Dividerci dobbiam Act I
Tu sei l'anima gemella Act I
Ahime, si, mamma son Act I
Sogno, incanto, piacer! Act I
Prelude Act II
Evviva bacco, Bacco evohe! Act II
Cosi tre mesi Act II
Un altro ella sposo! Act II
Ti conosco forte e nobile Act II
Fratello mio, v'e mira il mazzolino Act II
Goder! Potro goder ancora? Act II
Oh! Quel soave di dove mai se n'ando Act II
Quando un figliol lontano ritorna d'improvviso Act II
 
Prelude Act III
Oh Werther! Mio Werther! Act III
M'ha scritto che m'ama Act III
Carlotta, buon di Act III
Ah! Che il riso e gentil Act III
Va... Non e mal se piango Act III
Ah! Che il coraggio mi abbandona Act III
Si, son io! Act III
Ah! Non mi ridestar Act III
Ciel! Capito ho bene? Act III
Pieta! Act III
Ebbene, me n'andro Act III
Werther e stato qui, l'han veduto tornar Act III
Symphonie Act III
Mio Werther Act III
Ed io, oh Werther! Act III
No, Carlotta... M'ascolta ben Act III
Oggi Cristo e nato Act III

FROM CD BOOKLET
WERTHER
LEYLA GENCER AND WERTHER, EARLY A DISCOVERY OR BETTER, THREE

The first was hers. When it was proposed to her, she didn’t like it; with some prejudices, because the title and the success belonged to the tenor. It was 1954, the Italian RAI television (studio in Milan), at its very start, was programming one of the first television operas for the coming season. And the career of Leyla Gencer, at its beginning, was taking off with outstanding soprano roles: Madama Butterfly, La Traviata, Tosca. However, Tullio Serafin, a wise point of reference in the Italian beginning, succeeded in convincing her. “I understand how Werther as an opera and specially the part of Charlotte does not suit your temperament but you should force yourself to loving it because one cannot interpret a character that one does not love” (Palermo, 9 April 1954)

FROM LP BOOKLET
WERTHER
L'OPERA
GIAMPIERO TINTORI

Werther di Jules Massenet, pur nei con VG troversi giudizi della critica odierna, è opera di particolare interesse se la si considera un prodotto destinato a un pubblico borghese. Ed è proprio questa destinazione che ci interessa. Anche Puccini e i suoi coevi si rivolgevano a una borghesia, ma a una pseudo borghesia nata dalle ceneri di un Risorgimento tradito e deviato, mentre Massenet si rivolge a una borghesia ben salda e autentica nata da una grande Rivoluzione. Notiamo subito un civismo musicale, anche nelle edulcorazioni, ben diverso e valido dai risultati italiani. Goethe viene riletto e portato sulla scena lirica con una particolarissima, e diciamo pure discutibile lettura, e sta proprio nell'interprete trovare la giusta misura per rendere questi personaggi, forse ambigui, ma che hanno, da un particolare punto di vista, una loro vitalità drammatica.

Carlo Felice Cillario, a capo dell’orchestra del Teatro Verdi di Trieste, affronta la partitura con entusiasmo non senza finezze coloristi che, assecondato da una buona compagnia di cantanti. Quando Ferruccio Tagliavini interpretò per la prima volta il Werther aveva alle spalle un duro confronto: il Werther di Tito Schipa che rimane emblematico. Questa edizione è del 20 gennaio 1959 e Tagliavini era già un esperto di questa parte che aveva cantato alla Scala (provvisoriamente sistemata al Teatro Lirico per i danni della guerra) il 26 dicembre 1945 sotto la direzione del maestro Antonio Sabino accanto a Pia Tassinari nella parte di Carlotta. Tito Schipa aveva cantato il suo ultimo Werther alla Scala il 25 marzo 1944 e il confronto fu immediato e persino pericoloso. Era difficile resistere alle tentazioni della linea schipiana, ma Tagliavini affrontò con coraggio e con successo la prova sostituendo alla compostezza romantica di Schipa, il suo temperamento emiliano, forse un poco caloroso, ma di immediata efficacia, tanto da divenire subito un meritevole titolare del ruolo.
L’interpretazione però che più incuriosisce, in questa registrazione, è quella di Leyla Gencer. Dico incuriosisce senza alcun sottinteso, perchè è noto il rigore artistico di questa cantante, musicalissima, e la sua alta professionalità, dote quest’ultima che privilegiamo su qualsiasi altra dote derivata dalla natura: La Gencer, ben lontana, e giustamente, dal ricercare sonorità artificiose da mezzo soprano, ha impostato il suo personaggio sulla tenerezza, anche nei momenti più tesi della partitura. Intelligentemente ha evitato sdolcinature o toni tragici mantenendosi in quella dignità di espressione caratteristica che deve essere propria al personaggio di Carlotta.
Gioiosa e innocente Sofia la Tavolaccini e, come sempre, assai corretto il Borriello nella ingratissima parte di Alberto che Massenet sembra aver scritto senza convinzione. Completano il cast il bravo Vito Susca, nella parte del Potestà, Botteghelli e Mocchiutti nelle parti di Schmidt e di Johann.

FROM LP BOOKLET
WERTHER
OPERA
GIAMPIERO TINTORI

Despite the controversial opinion of contemporary criticism, Jules Massenet’s Werther is an opera of particular interest, especially if one takes into consideration the fact that it was intentionally directed toward a bourgeois audience. It is, in fact, precisely this “destination” with which we are concerned here. Even Puccini and his contemporaries intended their works for the bourgeoisie, but a pseudo-bourgeoisie which had emerged from the ruins of a betrayed and deviated Risorgimento, whereas Massenet was addressing himself to an authentic and stable bourgeoisie born of the great Revolution. One immediately notices, in fact, a certain musical “public spirit’’-despite its “‘prettiness’’, so different and so much more valid than its Italian counterparts. Goethe has been revised and is offered to the opera stage in a particular, even debatable version, and therefore it depends precisely upon the interpreter to find the exact way in which to project these personages, albeit ambiguous, but who have, from a certain point of view, their own dramatic vitality.
Carlo Felice Cillario, at the helm of the orchestra of the Teatro Verdi of Trieste, confronts the score with both enthusiasm and a particularly aristocratic interpretive colour, together with a fine cast of singers. When Ferruccio Tagliavini' interpreted the role of Werther for the first time it was inevitable that he be compared rather severely with Tito Schipa, who’s own Werther, of course, remains symbolic. The edition contained in this recording was performed on January 20, 1959. Tagliavini was already a veteran in this role, which he had sung at La Scala (then temporarily transferred to the Teatro Lirico because of bombings which had destroyed the theatre) on December 26, 1945 under the baton of Antonio Sabino and with Pia Tassinari in the role of Charlotte. Tito Schipa had sung his last Werther at La Scala on March 25, 1944, and the comparison had been immediate and even perilous. It was difficult to resist imitating Schipa’s style, but Tagliavini faced his task with courage and success, and in place of Schipa’s romantic composure he offered his Emilian temperament, perhaps just a little too passionate, but of immediate effect. The role, in fact, was immediately “his.”
The interpretation which particularly stimulates our curiosity here, however, is that of Leyla Gencer. The word curiosity is used here without any allusions, because the artistic precision of this most musical of artists is as well-known as is her high-level professionalism, an asset much preferred over whatever other God-given talents she possesses. Soprano Gencer is a singer who has no need to create the artificial timbre of a mezzosoprano for this role, but rather, has based her interpretation on a characteristic tenderness, even in the most tense moments of the score. With particular intelligence she has also avoided being either sugary or tragic in colour so as to maintain the characteristic dignity of expression which is typical of the role of Charlotte.
Giuliana Tavolaccini is a joyful, innocent Sofia, with Mario Borriello his usual correct self in the ungrateful role of Albert, which Massenet seems to have composed with little conviction. Completing the cast are Vito Susca as the Potesta, and Raimondo Botteghelli and Eno Mocchiutti in the roles of Schmidt and Johann.

FROM LP BOOKLET
WERTHER
L'OPERA
GIAMPIERO TINTORI

Werther de Jules Massenet, méme selon les opinions controversées de la critique d’aujourd’hui, est une ouvre particulièrement intéressante si on considère qu’elle est un produit destiné à un public bourgeois. Et c’est justement cette destination qui nous intéresse. Puccini estes contemporains s’adressaient eux aussi à une bourgeoisie, mais c’était une pseudo bourgeoisie née des cendres d'un “Risorgimento” trahi et dévié, tandis que Massenet s’adresse 4 une bourgeoisie solide et authentique née d’une grande Révolution. Nous remarquons tout de suite un civisme musical, même dans les édulcorations, bien différent des résultats italiens et plus valable. Goethe est relu et porté sur les scénes lyriques avec une interprétation très particulière et disons-le mémé discutable et c’est justement l’interprète qui doit trouver la mesure appropriée pour représenter ces personnages, peutétre ambigus mais qui ont, d’un point de vue particulier, une vitalité dramatique qui leur est propre.

Carlo Felice Cillario chef de l’orchestre du Théâtre Verdi de Trieste, affronte la partition avec enthousiasme et non sans finesses de couleurs, assisté par une bonne compagnie de chanteurs. Lorsque Ferruccio Tagliavini interpréta pour la première fois Werther il entrait en compétition avec Tito Schipa dont le Werther reste emblématique. Cette édition date du 20 janvier 1959 et Tagliavini était déjà un expert de ce ròle qu’il avait chanté à la Scala (installée provisoirement au Teatro Lirico à cause des dommages causés par la guerre) le 26 décembre 1945 sous la direction du maestro Antonio Sabino avec Pia Tassinari dans le rôle de Carlotta. Tito Schipa avait chanté son dernier Werther à la Scala le 25 mars 1944 et la confrontation fut immédiate et méme dangereuse. C’était difficile de résister aux tentations de la ligne de Schipa mais Tagliavini affronta avec courage et avec succès l’épreuve, remplagant la sobriété romantique de Schipa par son tempérament émilien, peut-être un peu chaleureux, mais d’une vigueur immédiate, au point de devenir tout de suite un titulaire du réle.
Cependant l’interprétation qui intrigue le plus dans cet enregistrement est celle de Leyla Gencer. Je dis intrigue sans aucun sous-entendu, parce que la rigueur artistique de cette chanteuse très musicale est bien connue ainsi que son caractère professionnel élevé, ce dernier don étant celui que nous préférons à tous les autres qui dérivent de la nature. Leyla Gencer, bien loin, et avec justesse, de rechercher des sonorités artificielles de mezzo-soprano a basé son personnage sur la tendresse, méme dans les moments les plus tendus de la partition. Avec intelligence elle a évité des mièvreries et des tons tragiques en se maintenant dans cette dignité d’expression caractéristique qui doit être propre au personnage de Charlotte.
Giuliana Tavolaccini est une joyeuse et innocente Sofie et comme toujours Mario Borriel. Lo est très correct dans le rôle très ingrat de Albert que Massenet semble avoir écrit sans conviction. Le bon Vito Susca dans le ròle de Potestà, Botteghelli et Mocchiutti dans les rôles de Schmidt et de Johann complètent le cast.

FROM LP BOOKLET
WERTHER
CRITICA
Critica della prima di Werther in Italia, Gazzetta dei Teatri, Anno VLI, Milano, 6 Dicembre 1894.

“Io spero che il signor Massenet, tornato a Parigi, avrà raccontato ai suoi amici - compreso il signor Victorin Joncières della Liberté - con quanta espansiva cordialità i milanesi lo hanno festeggiato, con quanto plauso spontaneo e concorde essi hanno accolto il suo lavoro. Perchè quello del Werther fu veramente un trionfo del pari legittimo che meritato. I plaudenti di sabato sera non erano i soliti moretti della claque, non erano i fedeli e compiacenti amici dell’editore-impresario, non erano gl’invitati costretti per cortesia a riscaldare l’ambiente. Era invece il pubblico pagante; il vero pubblico, che esprime liberamente la propria opinione senza restrizioni e senza partito preso.

Il Werther è, senza dubbio, una delle migliori creazioni dell’illustre compositore francese. C'è in esso la tipica finezza, specialmente nella parte istrumentale, che distingue e caratterizza tutti i lavori usciti dalla sua fantasia così feconda e così geniale; e c’è in pari misura tutta laffettivita di quel dramma così semplice e cost passionale, che emana con idillica poesia dell’amore di Werther e di Carlotta.
Il primo atto è un gioiello. Quella festa di bimbi, con cui l’opera ha principio, e quel duetto d’amore, con cui l’atto si chiude, sono pagine musicali di tale e tanto valore da assicurare esse sole la riputazione di un autore.
Il secondo atto non è all'altezza del primo. E la causa precipua e vera di questo, dirò così, abbassamento di temperatura, vuolsi ricercarla nella deficienza del libretto. Questo secondo atto manca di azione e quindi il movimento impressovi dalle varie scene, che lo compongo no, è un movimento fittizio e pochissimo efficace. La musica è sempre finamente leggiadra e di squisita fattura, ma manca la verve, la vita, il sangue fluente, i nervi scattanti, la fibra animatrice. Gli applausi infatti non furono, come al primo atto, di intima convinzione, ma, più che altro, di cortesia.
Il terzo atto invece è un capolavoro in tutto il più lato senso di questa magniloquente parola, della quale oggi pur troppo, non solo si usa, ma si abusa.
La scena fra le due sorelle, il duetto tra Werther e Carlotta, l’assolo di Carlotta, la scena fra questa ed il marito, l’intermezzo orchestrale e finalmente l’ultimo quadro della morte di Werther sono dei veri gioielli di fattura, dei veri lampi d’ispirazione, dei veri tesori di lirica drammatica. Benchè lungo, quest'atto mi sembrò breve, tanto il dramma mi interessò, tanto mi affascinò la musica. L‘ambiente è riprodotto con una irresistibile evidenza. Quella vita intima in casa di Carlotta, quel tragico romanticismo nello Studio di Werther attraggono, afferrano, conquidono il publico, sì che non è possibile il più lieve accenno di stanchezza, ne la più passeggera distrazione. L'occhio dello spettatore è fisso sulla scena, e con l’occhio l’orecchio, e con l'orecchio il cuore; una ipnotizzazione completa, da cui ci si sveglia al calar della tela per prorompere in una di quelle acclamazioni, che consacrano il trionfo. Non dirò quante volte il Massenet fu obbligato a presentarsi al proscenio, perchè non le ho contate. Non dirò neppure come e quanto egli fosse sinceramente commosso. Dirò solo che, a spettacolo finito, si stabili fra platea e palcoscenico quella fusione glorificatrice, che solo si verifica nei più grandi e più solenni avvenimenti artistici.
E vengo all’esecuzione. Stupendamente l’orchestra, che operò in pochissime prove un vero miracolo di valentia e di buon volere. Bravo, Ferrari, e bravissimi, professori!...
Degli artisti, il Lenzini disse correttamente la sua parte, non lunga certo, nè simpatica, e così pure correttamente interpretarono le parti loro affidate il Buti, il Wigley ed il Giordano.
Ottima la Salvador nella parte di Sofia. Essa ha del personaggio tutta la giovanile freschezza, la vivacità, il brio, la figura. Ebbe applausi, che furono più che meritati.
In quanto poi ai due protagonisti, la Schiff manca completamente del physique du ròle, e quindi, benchè la voce sia buona e lodevole la scuola di canto, non ha, nè può avere l'illusione del personaggio di Carlotta – il Garulli... Ah! il Garulli!... Eccolo l’eroe della serata, eccolo il grande trionfatore, eccolo l’interprete perfetto del personaggio di Werther.
Io ho scritto più volte articoli entusiastici sulle qualità di Garulli, ma debbo dire che mai come ora mi ha commosso e convinto. Quando pure egli non cantasse che questa sola opera, basterebbe alla sua fama e al suo amor proprio. Ernesto Rossi non avrebbe potuto scolpire la scena della morte meglio di lui, come nessuno potrebbe meglio di lui cantarla. Fu grande, immenso, insuperabile; fu unvero collaboratore di Massenet. Bellissime le scene e gli atrezzi: buono il vestiario.” 

CATERINA CORNARO      

Gaetano Donizetti (1797 - 1848)                                        
Opera in a prologue and two acts in Italian
Libretto: Giacomo Sacchero
Premièr at Teatro San Carlo, Naples – 12 January 1844
28, 31 May - 03, 06 June 1972 
Teatro San Carlo, Napoli 

Conductor: Carlo Felice Cillario
Chorus master: Giacomo Maggiore
Stage director: Alberto Fassini
Scene and costumes: Nicola Benois

Caterina Cornaro LEYLA GENCER soprano [Role debut]
Matilde EVA RUTA mezzo-soprano
Gerardo GIACOMO ARAGALL tenor
Lusignano King of Cyprus RENATO BRUSON baritone
Mocenigo Ambassador of Venice PLINIO CLABASSI bass
Andrea Cornaro Caterina’s Father LUIGI RISANI bass
Strozzi Head of the Sgherri FERNANDO IACOPUCCI tenor
A Knight of the King CLAUDIO TERNI tenor
 
Time: 1472
Place: Cyprus
 
 Recording date

Photos © FOTO TRONCONE, Napoli

Photos © L'AGENZIA ANSA







OPERA MAGAZINE                                             
1971 December

L'UNITA                                                

1972.05.30                                                                                            

OPERA MAGAZINE                                             

1972 May

CORRIERE DELLA SERA                                                
1972.06.06                                                                                             

SATURDAY REVIEW                                              
1972.07.15

THE BELCANTO OPERAS BY CHARLES OSBORNE
1994

Caterina Cornaro opera seria in a prologue and two acts
Principal characters:
Caterina Cornaro (soprano)
Gerardo (tenor)
Andrea Cornaro (bass)
Lusignano (baritone)
Mocenigo (bass)
LIBRETTO by Giacomo Sacchero
TIME: 1472
PLACE: Venice and Cyprus
FIRST PERFORMED at the Teatro San Carlo, Naples, 12 January 1844, with Fanny Goldberg (Caterina); Gaetano Fraschini (Gerardo); Marco Arati (Andrea Cornaro); Filippo Coletti (Lusignano)
 

It was while Dom Sébastien was being rehearsed at the Paris Opéra in the autumn of 1843 that Donizetti, now approaching his forty-seventh birthday, began to be very seriously affected by the symptoms of his disease. The normally amiable composer was irritable at rehearsals, and an argument over whether the prima donna should remain on stage while the baritone was singing his off- stage barcarolle led to his angrily leaving the theatre. The Parisian music publisher Léon Escudier and two other friends followed him home where, according to Escudier, Donizetti 'gave vent to rattling sounds of rage, his mind confused'. From that day, Escudier wrote later, 'little by little the frightful sickness that undermined his faculties' made its inexorable progress. However, at first the symptoms revealed themselves only intermittently, and Donizetti was able to go on working for a further two years. On 20 December, he left Paris for Vienna where, as court composer, he was required to compose and conduct a new piece for the Imperial Chapel. He was still in Vienna when his opera, Caterina Cornaro, which he had begun to compose in Paris in the autumn of 1842, was given its première in Naples on 12 January 1844.

Donizetti had abandoned Caterina Cornaro (initially called La Regina di Cipro) after completing Act I, because, having intended the opera to be performed in Vienna, he had then learned that another opera on the same subject was about to be performed there. Instead, he wrote Maria di Rohan for Vienna, and returned to the composition of Caterina Cornaro in March 1843, since he had agreed to provide an opera for the Teatro San Carlo in Naples. By the end of May he had completed his score and sent it off to Naples, having come to an agreement with the management of the San Carlo that, due to his poor health, he would not himself be required to come to Naples to direct the first performances. He requested the Neapolitan com- poser, Mercadante, to keep an eye on the rehearsals and make any changes he thought necessary.
Caterina Cornaro was given its première in Naples on 12 January 1844 while its composer, in Vienna, was having gloomy forebodings about it. 'I am waiting with anxiety the news of the fiasco of Caterina Cornaro at Naples,' he wrote to his brother-in-law some days before the première: 'La Goldberg as the prima donna is my first disaster. I wrote for a soprano, and they give me a mezzo! God knows whether Coletti [the baritone) or Fraschini [the tenor] understand the roles as I intended them. God knows what a slaughterhouse the censor- ship may have created.' His fears were justified, for neither audiences nor critics liked the opera, which survived for only six performances. To the Neapolitan friend who informed him of this, Donizetti replied:

A fiasco? Then so be it, a fiasco! But who says that this music is not by me, or that I wrote it in my sleep, or in revenge against the management? No. I assume all the responsibility, the blame and the punishment. Why would I have had it composed by others? Did I perhaps not have the time? Why in my sleep? Don't I, perhaps, work with facility? Why for revenge? Could I be so ungrateful to a public that has suffered me for so many years?... As for the reminiscences of other music? Eh, mon Dieu, who doesn't make them? As for stealing (and, what is worse, without meaning to), who doesn't?

A year after its Naples première, Caterina Cornaro was given five performances in Parma, for which Donizetti made a few changes to his score. The opera was not staged again until 28 May 1972 when it returned to Naples and the San Carlo with Leyla Gencer as Caterina, on which occasion it was more generally admired than it had been in 1844. On 10 July 1972 Montserrat Caballé sang the title-role in a concert performance of the opera at the Royal Festival Hall, London. This was the work's London première. It was first heard in New York on 15 April 1973 in a concert performance at Carnegie Hall, again with Leyla Gencer. Caballé, later that year, sang the role in a concert performance at the Salle Pleyel, Paris. A stage production at the Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires, in 1982 was only moderately successful; the likelihood of Caterina Cornaro being found on any list of Donizetti's most popular operas is remote.

Giacomo Sacchèro's libretto was based on that of Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges, written for Halévy's opera, La Reine de Chypre, which was staged in Paris in 1841. Caterina Cornaro was an historical character, born in Venice in 1454, who married James de Lusignan, the illegitimate son of King John 11 of Cyprus. In 1472 she became Queen of Cyprus, but her husband died within the year (not, as in the opera, in battle, but from natural causes). The action of the opera, which takes great liberties with historical fact, is set in Venice and Cyprus in 1472. The wedding of Caterina to a French knight, Gerardo, is postponed when Mocenigo brings word that Lusignano, King of Cyprus, wishes to marry her. Gerardo and Lusignano later meet, and Gerardo helps Lusignano defend Cyprus against the Venetians. Lusignano is killed in battle but before he dies, he entrusts his people to Caterina's care.

IL PICCOLO
1995.09.23

AÇIK KİTAP
2010 July

OPERA NEWS

CATERINA CORNARO
Links from OPERA NEWS ARCHIVES related with Gencer’s performances

... After 1845, no performances of the opera were given until 1972, when it
was resurrected in Naples for Leyla Gencer. It has yet to ...

... The proud title role attracted two great divas in the twentieth century, Leyla Gencer
and Montserrat Caballé, both of whom revived the work with success. ...
                                                  
COMPLETE RECORDING
1972.05.28

Recording Excerpts [1972.05.28]
Tu l'amor mio, tu l'iride Prologue Scena I
Partì? Prologue Scena III
Indietro! Io, vil carnefice Act I Scena X
Pietà, o Signor Act II Scena IV
Non più affanni Act II Scena Finale

FROM LP BOOKLET
HISTORICAL NOTE
BY FRANK GRANVILLE BARKER
Caterina Cornaro was one of those grand Renaissance ladies whose lives prove that truth can be not only stranger than fiction, but more exotic than Italian opera. She was born in Venice in 1454 and at the age of fourteen was contracted to marry James de Lusignan, the illegitimate son of King John II of Cyprus. James, who had seized power in Cyprus on the king's death while the succession was in dispute, desperately needed the support of Venice, which his marriage to Caterina ensured. In 1472, at the age of eighteen, Caterina left Venice for Nicosia with the title of Queen of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia. James died within the year—not, as in the opera, in battle, but from natural causes—leaving his kingdom to Caterina and their child, as yet unborn. Soon after the birth of her son there was a revolution which resulted in imprisonment for Caterina, but she was soon released by a Venetian force sent to restore order to the island. In 1488 another royal wedding was planned for Caterina—to the King of Naples. This was too much for the republican government of Venice, which promptly decided to recall Caterina and take formal possession of Cyprus for itself. Caterina, who had developed a taste for royal life, tried to resist, but she was finally compelled to abdicate and return to Venice. In compensation she was given the castle and town of Asolo for her lifetime, and there she spent her days contentedly queening it over a small but quite brilliant court until her death in 1510. Her memory has been kept alive by Titian's portrait in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence and by at least four operas—Lachner's Catharina Cornaro, Halévy's La Reine de Chypre, Balfe's The Daughter of St. Mark and, most notably, Donizetti's Caterina Cornaro.

FROM LP BOOKLET

DONIZERTTI'S CATERINA CORNARO
BY RUBINO PROFETA
Translated by Clement Dunbar
Caterina Cornaro turned out to be the last in the long catalogue of more than sixty works that Donizetti wrote for the operatic stage. Created a few months before the appearance of Don Pasquale, Maria di Rohan, and Don Sebastiano, a period of considerable productivity by the composer, it is nonetheless a little discussed work. In fact, there are not many reviews or first-hand accounts of the ill-fated first performance of January 12, 1844, on the stage of the same San Carlo opera house which has brought it before the public again today.
A few comments have, however, come down to us from several rather undetailed newspaper accounts of the time. One critic speaks of the fullness of maturity" and another speaks of "exhaustion and break-down"; and while the first description is unexceptionable, the second does not seem completely fitting or justified. It has the fullness of maturity, to be sure, but with a clearly defined movement toward a new idiom, one which would certainly have been fully apparent in the works that would have followed if fate had not so unexpectedly drained the life of the versatile composer of Lucia at the height of his career.
The story is told elsewhere of how the continual wanderings from one end of Europe to the other, and the first symptoms of the fatal disease that was soon to bring his death induced Donizetti to write repeatedly to his faithful Neapolitan friends to intercede with the management of the San Carlo to release him from the obligation of preparing Caterina Cornaro, which had been projected for the end of the 1843 season. He wrote: "In the midst of my labors I am well, and my travels are not wearing me out, but how can I go to Naples in July and then race off to Paris by August?... And from time to time there is a return of my usual fever which doesn't last more than twenty-four hours, but which leaves me dejected and exhausted..." In a later letter to his friend Tomaso Persico, he says: "What if I fall ill from hardship and overwork, like last year?... But convince them to cancel it... if they don't believe my fevers are real, I have two doctors here in Paris, Fossati and Maroncelli, ready to write a thousand certificates for me."
It is certain too that Donizetti was not eager to set Giacomo Sacchéro's libretto, and that he would have been willing to give up the undertaking if assurances had not come from Naples that the production of Cornaro would be postponed to January of the following year. And so, he set to work on it between performances of Don Sebastiano and in the midst of the triumphs of the already well-known Maria di Rohan and Don Pasquale, which had both been enthusiastically received and were then making the rounds of the major musical capitals of Europe.
Anyone who has the opportunity to inspect closely the original score of Caterina Cornaro will be aware that it was written in the shortest possible time compared with Donizetti's other works, and in odd moments and places, for he will observe the helter-skelter pages of various shapes and kinds often held together with the thinnest threads. But what genius in the hastily sketched markings; what fire, what imagination in those lines, sometimes incomplete or barely hinted at, but so rich with dramatic power, so full of the genuine lyrical vein!
We know now that Donizetti could not have attended a single one of the unfortunate performances at the San Carlo, since after the outcome of the prima he wrote a friend: "Ah, those Neapolitans, they all make me so bitter!" And then he went on: "However Caterina was performed at Naples... I hear a lot of hissing from Italy..." Not even when the opera was repeated several months later at Parma, receiving this time a uniformly favorable reception, was Donizetti present. Word was sent to him in Vienna, and to a friend who asked him if he were enjoying his revenge, he sadly replied: "Happy, yes... but I don't feel well. Always a touch of fever and headache, and an uneasiness, a restlessness... What will come of it?"
Because it is clear that the composer couldn't have been present at the first performance, one naturally wonders what the result would have been had Donizetti undertaken the musical supervision of it.In the light of the numberless errors of transcription from the original score, all faithfully copied in the various versions which were used in the preparationof the orchestral materials, there is reason to believe that the work was performed in absolutely abominable fashion. There is a long section, for example, in the very effective women's chorus in the last scene where, in Donizetti's own hand, appear the words "wrong key"! (Doubtless referring to a group of transposed instruments); well, in the versions made from the original the annotation is copied exactly without anyone ever taking the trouble to correct the error. We can imagine what great 'discords" the Neapolitan audience had to put up with on that disgraceful evening of January 12, 1844.
But the chilly reaction of the San Carlo public to Donizetti's last unfortunate creation must not have been entirely due to that; we can account for it better perhaps by looking at what the Parisian critic for the "Revue des deux mondes" wrote the morning after the prima of Don Sebastiano on the subject of the new Donizettian idiom which we spoke of earlier: "...in the cavatinas, the romanzas, and the slow and quiet pieces, we find in every note the inspiration which created Anna Bolena and Lucia; but if the situation becomes complex, if the passions become heated, if the voices combine, then farewell to the fugitive melody which takes flight and is lost in a confused jumble of sounds..." So, the "symphonic"! quality of Donizetti was not understood or accepted by the public of that time, or by the critic who more than once had rewarded Donizetti with the adjective ''Germanic."' How could they become excited by the penetrating choruses and the sweeping finales of Cornaro when they had shown themselves displeased by even the slightest contrapuntal complexities? Admittedly, Caterina Cornaro contains conventional pages that repeat situations already found in other Donizettian works of greater fame, and yet there are strong anticipations of the future dramatic idiom of Verdi to.be found in it, with several incisive passages—like the chorus of assassins—which Verdi must surely have known before creating the shadowy "conspiracy scene" in Ernani.
Sacchéro's libretto, which may seem inferior from a literary point of view, reveals uncommon gifts of essential theatricality, with scenic divisions of rare dramatic effectiveness and a clear individualization of the various characters. These elements must have attracted Donizetti, who, with his undisputable genius, succeeded in enlivening some sections with his stirring dynamism, such as the Caterina-Gerardo duet in the finale of the Prologue (whose concluding theme Donizetti had already used, even if only in embryonic form, in his earlier Parisina D' Este), or the duet for Gerardo and Lusignano in the first act, or the overwhelming ensemble in the first act finale, with its amazing inventiveness in the exposition of the theme and its unfailing development. The figure of the heroine and that of the ill-fated king are most centrally yoked, both by the regal nobility of their musical speech and by the aptness of their appearances on stage and the constant balance in the amount of dramatic utterance assigned to each. But the most striking thing in this opera is the singular and unexpected encounter with so many brilliant modulations, with such bold harmonic combinations as to make us think that they must surely have been the fruits of the incipient mental imbalance of the composer, although clearly to the contrary they were simply drawn from the logical evolutionary process in full and decisive ferment. If it were possible ever to speak of "incipient mental imbalance," it would be when speaking of the restless and disordered draft of the score, which from time to time actually contains gaps and inaccuracies; but I insist still on saying—with firm conviction and with the most profound respect and devotion for the great man from Bergamo—that those imprecisions were due not only to his pressing haste but also.to a certain unwillingness with which he set to work scoring Caterina Cornaro—an unwillingness that translated itself into a feverish anxiety when it entered into the life of the work. It is unnecessary for me to repeat here the countless difficulties which, as in previous revisions I have done, I have had to come to grips with in the course of this exhausting work. On the one hand there was the obligation to remain scrupulously faithful to the intentions of the composer, even when the notes and markings were unclear; on the other was the hope of pinpointing the problems that had contributed to the initial failure of the work, with the intention of eliminating their causes as far as possible.
I have sometimes sought to lighten the orchestration, particularly in the most confusing and disordered passages, limiting the frequent abuse of the woodwinds, especially in the more intimate segments, in order not to suffocate the melodic lines of the soloists. I had to systematize in modern notation all of the transposed instrumental ensembles, and in some way better coordinate the horn quartet, putting it in the single key of F, while maintaining the natural characteristics of the various groups of instruments in keeping with Donizetti's usual practice. I have tried to make the most out of the numerous appearances of the drums (at that time not able to make quick changes in tuning) which modern techniques have made it possible to utilize more consistently and suitably; these are techniques the composer himself would certainly not have disdained if he had had at his disposition the perfected instruments now in use. In many places I also encountered significant differences between the manuscript score and the published piano-vocal reduction. I tried to treat each case individually, now keeping an eye on this, now on that, and always keeping in mind the agile expedience of the musical dialogue and the concept of the greatest dramatic effectiveness, remembering besides that both versions were the work—though at different times and under different circumstances—of the same master. I have entirely orchestrated the onstage musical parts from what existed in the score, which customarily served as no more than an outline for the piano.
The materials used—manuscripts, parts, etc. —were graciously provided by the Library of the Conservatory of S. Pietro in Maiella, that of the Conservatory of Milan, and that of the Donizetti Institute at Bergamo.